Foul biting results from accidental or unintentional erosion of the acid resist. Since then many etching techniques have been developed, which are often used in conjunction with each other: soft-ground etching uses a non-drying resist or ground, to produce softer lines spit bite involves painting or splashing acid onto the plate open bite in which areas of the plate are exposed to acid with no resistance photo-etching (also called photogravure or heliogravure) is produced by coating the printing plate with a light-sensitive acid-resist ground and then exposing this to light to reproduce a photographic image. Sometimes ink may be left on the plate surface to provide a background tone.Įtching was used for decorating metal from the fourteenth century but was probably not used for printmaking much before the early sixteenth century. The plate is then placed against the paper and passed through a printing press with great pressure to transfer the ink from the recessed lines. The resist is removed and ink applied to the sunken lines but wiped from the surface. Stronger acid and longer exposure produce more deeply bitten lines. The plate is then immersed in acid and the exposed metal is ‘bitten’, producing incised lines. Lines are drawn through the ground, exposing the metal. The plate, traditionally copper but now usually zinc, is prepared with an acid-resistant ground. It is often used in combination with other intaglio techniques.Įtching is a printmaking technique that uses chemical action to produce incised lines in a metal printing plate which then hold the applied ink and form the image The technique was developed in France in the 1760s and became popular in Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Gradations of tone can be achieved by varying the length of time in the acid bath longer periods produce more deeply-bitten rings, which print darker areas of tone. The extent of the printed areas can be controlled by varnishing those parts of the plate to appear white in the final design. These hold sufficient ink to give the effect of an area of wash when inked and printed. The acid eats into the metal around the particles to produce a granular pattern of tiny indented rings.
The plate is then immersed in an acid bath, just like etching. The ink stays in the sunken area, leaving your desired pattern.Īquatint is a printmaking technique that produces tonal effects by using acid to eat into the printing plate creating sunken areas which hold the inkįine particles of acid-resistant material, such as powdered rosin, are attached to a printing plate by heating. An intaglio technique in printmaking refers to all printing and printmaking techniques that involve making indents or incisions into a plate or print surface which hold the ink when ink is applied to the surface and then wiped clean.
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